The unclassified name Project Caesar was used to cover the installation of the system and a cover story developed regarding the shore stations, identified only as a Naval Facility (NAVFAC), being for oceanographic research. The American base staff had their own names for various places in Iceland, e.g., "Kef" for Keflavk and "Hurdygurdy" for Hverageri. U.S. 2nd Fleet (C2F) has temporarily established an expeditionary Maritime Operations Center (MOC) in Keflavik, Iceland, to provide the U.S. Trshavn was located atop mount Sornfelli. New signal processing capabilities allowed for innovations such as the split array in which a single line array was divided into segments, each separately processed, then electronically recombined to form narrower beams for better bearing and cross fixes between arrays. It was because of the low frequencies, "about the A below middle C on the piano" (about 100-150 cycles) and "Jezebel" being chosen because "she was of low character. Mount Keilir. NAVFAC Bermuda data is routed to Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) at Dam Neck. The facility at Whidbey, with multiple systems terminating there became Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) Whidbey. Shore upgrades and new cable technology allowed system consolidation until by 1980 that process had resulted in many closures of the NAVFACs with centralized processing at a new type facility, Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF), that by 1981 saw one for each ocean and mass closing of the NAVFACs. Finally, with "undersea surveillance" so openly displayed, the mission is declassified in 1991 and the commands reflect that with replacement of the "oceanographic systems" with the accurate "under sea surveillance," the commands renamed as Commander, Undersea Surveillance Atlantic and Commander, Undersea Surveillance Pacific. [3], Artemis was an experiment with a large active source. [citation needed], The United States Navy assumed the responsibility of running the air station from MATS in 1961. Jurisdiction of the airport was assumed by Military Air Transport Service (MATS). Don't worry, we won't spam you. [33] NAVFAC Barbers Point is commissioned. These 15 companies will join over 50 other companies that were chosen this year. Yes I enjoyed Iceland! As a NATO mission, the U.S. Navy P-3s were frequently augmented by U.S. Navy Reserve P-3 squadrons and detachments of Canadian Forces CP-140 Aurora, Royal Netherlands Navy P-3, German Navy Breguet Atlantique and Royal Air Force Hawker Siddeley Nimrod MR2 maritime patrol aircraft. More. I was stationed at an off-site location known as a NAVFAC, although I lived with my family on the air station. Special guests included U.S. ly. In 1964 the project was placed under Industrial Manager, Potomac River Command and then Naval District Washington in 1965. As Iceland does not have an army or an air force NATO allies periodically deploy fighter aircrafts to provide air policing. The Reykavk Grapevine is Iceland's biggest, best and most widely read English-language publication. If you served in NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland, Join TWS for free to reconnect with service friends. That secrecy led to misunderstandings and even potential breaches of security. [3][10], SOSUS was closely held on a strict need-to-know basis that was close to Sensitive Compartmented Information even though it was classified at the Secret level. endobj endobj During a six-month transition to reduce the military presence in Iceland, most facilities closed and most of the service members departed, leaving behind a core team of active duty and Reserve personnel to finish the job. All the direct support through contracts with Western Electric, Bell Labs and ship schedules was under this management. Most of this work was completed by 1957. You can visit this colorful town on your way to or from Reykjavk. [3], More original NAVFACs closed during 1993 with NAVFACs Centerville Beach, California and Adak, Alaska closing with their acoustic data routed to NAVFAC Whidbey Island. The cited Project HARTWELL report first links arrays with fleet type submarines towing such an array in the GIUK then refers to potential exploitation of the deep sound channel low frequency sounds. Whether you're a current student, parent, player, fan or alumni, you'll find over 500 products to customize from, including Keflavik Naval Air Station T-Shirts, Sweatshirts, Hats, Jerseys and more. [citation needed]. Join Your Unit Today. The two new ships were to be designed as modern cable ships, fully capable of cable and survey work. [citation needed]. Buy Naval Air Station Keflavik Iceland Patch: Shop top fashion brands Accessories at Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY and Returns possible on eligible purchases Location [3], The LOFARgram representation of acoustics in black, gray and white with an operator trained and adapted to interpreting that display was the critical link in the system. endobj The leading site for news and procurement in the military aerospace industry, IDEX 2023: EDGE Group dominates as strategic partner, Environmental sustainability innovation: Leading companies in wing-lift enhancement mountings for the aerospace and defence industry, Leading innovators in vibration supression devices for the aerospace and defence industry, Nato allies improve skills during exercise Real Thaw in Portugal, Australia to deliver two PAC-750XL aircraft for PNGDF, Raytheon to build seven-vehicle missile tracking satellite for SDA, Raft receives $100m contract to support USAFs Kessel Run, Whos saying what? In 2003 the new Advanced Deployable System (ADS) completes dual array testing. The Icelandic government turned them down. During the height of the Cold War in the 1980s, Keflavik also hosted rotational E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft and KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft from CONUS to support the air defense mission and rotational HC-130 Hercules aircraft from RAF Woodbridge from the 67th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron to support their detachment of Keflavik-based HH-3 Jolly Green Giant and later HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters in their search and rescue mission. Point Sur acoustic data was routed to NAVFAC Centerville. Shore upgrades and new cable technology allowed system consolidation until by 1980 . SOSUS assignment qualified as important as sea duty on a Cold War front line. [3], SOSUS systems consisted of bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays connected by underwater cables to facilities ashore. Stalwart makes first SURTASS operational patrol and system name is changed from SOSUS to Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS). Picture Information. %PDF-1.7 Reply to hi. (B. Soon, Naval Air Station Keflavik was, by all accounts, a 5,000 strong settlement. The same year, the Pacific systems began to be installed and activated. LT Ernest CASTILLO, III, USN was the first CO May * NAVFAC Lewes, Del was back-fitted with DSA vernier and super-vernier equipment Sep * NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland (Station AT-1) became operational Oct * NAVFAC Eleuthera, TWI (Station MIKE-SUGAR) became operational 1967 Jan * CAPT G COOK, USN assumed COSP Sep * NAVFAC Argentia, Newfoundland . When Bragi visited, the station, with all its buildings and structures, had been presented to the Icelandic authorities. The forty hydrophones spaced on the array provided the aperture for signal processing to form horizontal azimuthal beams of two to five degrees wide, each beam with a LOFAR analyzer and capability to do narrow-band frequency analysis to discriminate signal from ocean noise and to identify specific frequencies associated with rotating machinery. That old application of Artemis caused some confusion.[26]. [3] In 1997 the Adak system reverts to "wet storage. [22], The western Atlantic system consolidation was centered on the establishment of the Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) at Dam Neck, Virginia beginning with closure of NAVFACs Eleuthera and Grand Turk. An alternative story is that it was named for a local bar popular with MIT faculty. NAVAL AIR STATION KEFLAVIK, Iceland - The Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center's Detachment 4 successfully led the award of three contracts recently, totaling $38 million to improve airfield infrastructure at Naval Air Station Keflavik,, Two P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft assigned to Patrol Squadron (VP) 4 sit on the apron of Keflavik . [10], In 1961 the system proved its effectiveness when it tracked USSGeorge Washington on her first North Atlantic transit to the United Kingdom. Promise! . In addition to their defense role, U.S. forces constructed the Keflavik Airport as a refueling point for aircraft deliveries and cargo flights to Europe[citation needed]. Cable technology made it possible to site arrays further from shore into the ocean basins. The highly classified program was behind the "Green Door" which became a name for the program itself as well as being seen as a term for the secrecy. As we havepreviously reportedthe US is considering re-stationing American troops in Icelandwith US officials having held informal talks with the Icelandic government. 3 0 obj Returned to control of Icelandic Government on 7 April 1947; returned to joint Icelandic-USAF control, 23 May 1951. Keflavik is a small town on Reykjanes, a volcanic peninsula in South Iceland. There are 23 tenant commands onboard the air station so it was not just a NASKEF effort. For details on locations, including photographs, see, The similarity is seen in the 1962 Bell Telephone System advertisement. The 85th Group continued to support rotational deployments until it was inactivated during a ceremony on 28 June 2006, as a result of the USAF reduction in forces in Iceland. [3][32] The old station is now home of the Gerace Research Center. If you worked at or supported the Naval Facility on NAS Keflavik, you are more than welcome to join. Navy gained jurisdiction; the installation was renamed U.S. Equipment in the terminal buildings was installed by specially cleared Western Electric Company personnel. dn. KEFLAVIK AIR BASE, Iceland - U.S. aircraft often fly to the farthest reaches of the globe. Post author: Post published: June 12, 2022 Post category: is kiefer sutherland married Post comments: add the comment and therapists to the selected text add the comment and therapists to the selected text Despite periods of realization both communities fell back into assumptions as a result of secrecy. Do you have NAVFAC KEFLAVIK ICELAND Reunion information you'd like to share. That bureau did not do the same for officers thus forcing those with experience to either leave for new duties or leave the Navy. View Larger Map History Naval Air Station Keflavik (NASKEF) disestablished September 8, 2006 during a ceremony officially ending its 45 years of operations in support of the defense of Iceland. Search Veterans & Personnel . [3], In 1962 a new system was installed terminating at Naval Facility Adak in the Aleutians. [3], Six Pacific coast systems had been planned but only five Naval Facilities were constructed. Volume 1. Glenn H. Shira February 18, 2014 at 12:46pm. [note 7] Systems terminating at Naval Facility Bermuda, Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Shelburne, Nova Scotia, Nantucket, and Cape May were installed during 1955. The US pulled out of Iceland about 2 years ago and Iceland is in the process of City-Data Forum > General Forums . Experienced operators that could detect subtle differences and with practice could detect faint signatures of targets were vital to detection. [1][3] The need to better understand the acoustic environment drove much of the oceanographic research by both the Navy and institutions with Navy funding for oceanography. Also present were representatives from Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Denmark. Air Force awards multiple contracts for airfield construction at NAS Keflavik. It was implemented as a chain of underwater hydrophone arrays linked by cable, based on commercial telephone technology, to shore stations located around the western Atlantic Ocean from Nova Scotia to Barbados. Less than a year later, the 57 FIS was redesignated as the 57 Fighter Squadron (57 FS) and reassigned to the 35th Fighter Wing that was transferred from the closing George AFB, California. New systems were installed during 1968 at Midway Island and Guam. The shallow water system at Argentia was deactivated. The word Artemis had been used as a code word in the first days before Jezebel, Michael and Caesar as an unclassified name. Access to the base was restricted to authorized military and civilian personnel after the construction of a new civilian passenger terminal on the opposite side of the airfield in the mid-1980s. Bragi's personal project became an exhibition, Iceland Defense Force, that's been widely displayed in Iceland and is now on show in Umbrella Gallery in New York City (317 E 9th St Ste 2, New York, 10003, umbrellaarts.com). The system used very large towers and unwieldy components while SOSUS provided more than adequate warning and coverage and thus the system did not come into operation. There were occasional slips. "[3], USNSImpeccable(T-AGOS-23) is commissioned as the first SURTASS/Low Frequency Active (LFA) surveillance ship in 2000. NAVFAC Ramey becomes NAVFAC Punta Borinquen in 1974. The Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington has used the system for Ocean Acoustic Tomography. The Hartwell panel recommended spending of US$10,000,000 (equivalent to $113,890,000 in 2021) annually to develop systems to counter the Soviet submarine threat consisting primarily of a large fleet of diesel submarines. NAVAL AIR STATION NAS KEFLAVIK ICELAND HAT PATCH CAP US NAVY VETERAN PILOT CREW. The United States provided all the maintenance and operation of the airport through an American civilian contractor. [25], In 1954 the Fleet Sonar School at Key West established a Sound Search Course for training personnel. In the height of the Cold War, this was the place to be to protect against Soviet submarines. Jezebel research had developed an additional short range, high frequency, upward-looking system using active transducers for direct plotting of ships passing over the array. NAVFAC Keflavik played . The US Navy requested funds on the 2017 US military budget for the upgrading of an aircraft hangar in Keflavk Airport, which served as a US Naval base until 2006. There were more than 25 different commands of various sizes and personnel from the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard in Iceland. [22], Cable technology and signal processing improved and upgrades were made to the original installations. For the civil airport use of this facility, see, The flag of Iceland being raised and the flag of the US being lowered as the US hands over the Naval Air Station to the Government of Iceland, Military Air Transport Service era (19511961), Deactivation and post-military use (20062015), . During 1996 NAVFAC Keflavik Iceland closes and the new Fixed Distributed System Initial Operational Capability is accomplished. It describes the operational arrays as being 1,800ft (548.6m) long. NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland 22 Members You need to be a member of Navy Veterans to add comments! On 15 March 2006, the U.S. It was soon apparent that the Navy's practice of short term tours and transfer out of the system was a problem. Though there is no positive proof that action was the cause, the Yankees moved back to their usual areas and had not moved close to the U.S. coast again at the time of the piece. That year the system got Chief of Naval Operations tasking to report whale detections. Organization. * Rotational TDY flights of aircraft from various squadrons of, mission to maintain the defense of Iceland, protests about the US militarizing the country, 67th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron, 932d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, 667th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, 934th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, 960th Airborne Warning and Control Squadron, Low Frequency Analyzer and Recorder (LOFAR), Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap, Naval Radio Transmitter Facility Grindavik, The Defence Relationship of Iceland and the United States and the Closure of Keflavk base, "Security and Defence - Landhelgisgsla slands", "Waking up the Keflavik air base; US Navy returns after 10 years of absence", "US plans $200 million buildup of European air bases flanking Russia", "U.S. Government Debated Secret Nuclear Deployments in Iceland", "Iceland's Elves Are Enlisted in Anti-Nato Effort", "Naval Air Station Keflavik Disestablishes After 45 Years", "U.S. Military to Reopen Base in Iceland? Office of Air Force History, Fletcher, Harry R., Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982, Office of Air Force History, 1989, Hill, Mike and Campbell, John, Tactical Air Command An Illustrated History 19461992, 2001, Martin, Patrick, Tail Code: The Complete History Of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings, 1994, Maurer Maurer, Air Force Combat Units Of World War II, Office of Air Force History, 1983, Ravenstein, Charles A., Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 19471977, Office of Air Force History, 1984. The flight line served as a launching point for U. S. Air Force F-15 fighters. Air Forces Iceland continued the air defense mission of Iceland as a tenant organization at Keflavik. SOSUS grew out of tasking in 1949 to scientists and engineers to study the problem of antisubmarine warfare. * United States Air Forces units changed from host to tenant status on 1 July 1961, when the U.S. Atlantic NAVFAC Antigua and Pacific NAVFACs at San Nicolas Island and Point Sur in California closed. Innovation in Aerospace, Defence & Security: Lidar/Radar Ele Boeing consolidates ties with Kuwait for F/A-18 $70m logistics contract. This article incorporates public domain material from the .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Air Force Historical Research Agency. [3][note 8] Arrays of hydrophones placed around the target area located the missile warhead by means of measuring arrival times of the explosion at the various hydrophones of a SOFAR charge in the test warhead. In 1966 the first deployment of a 3 X 16 element array system was terminated at the facility. Also Air Force component of NATO Iceland Defense Force. Was with FASron107 1959 until the commissioning of NAF Keflavik in 1960. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the system was opened to tactical use and the fleet began to see the contact information in other formats readily understandable by fleet antisubmarine forces. The cover explained that data gathered by oceanographic and acoustic surveys with ships could at times be collected "more expeditiously and more economically by means of shore stations. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Even the Fleet had little knowledge of the system or its function. % The signatures available were of surfaced submarines from other sources. History The NATO base did not have a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) with the Icelandic Government and the base lacked the roadway entrance security gates characteristic of most military installations, having only Icelandic Customs officials instead. xk. "[8], Related research, based at Columbia University's Hudson Laboratory, was designated Project Michael. In 2006, shortly after the US Military closed down its Keflavk Naval Air Station, located on Icelands southwest corner, photographer Bragi r Jsefsson visited the abandoned base to record the remaining structures. [2] US forces would return to Keflavik starting from 2016. It was named after a young pilot who died in Iceland. On 1 June 1992, Air Combat Command (ACC) assumed command and control of AFI and the 57 FIS. On 26 October the government of Iceland established the Keflavik Airport Development Corporation or Kadeco which was given the task of converting those portions of the base no longer needed into civilian use. 4 to deliver mission-ready infrastructure. Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, the airfield was available for maritime patrol activities, air defense and for transiting aircraft between North America and Europe, in addition to supporting Iceland's international civilian aviation. . The linear arrays with hydrophones placed on slopes within the sound channel enabled beamforming processing at the shore facilities to form azimuthal beams. [1][3][18], From 219 January 1952 the British cable layer Alert installed the first full sized, 1,000ft (304.8m) long, forty transducer element operational array in 240 fathoms (1,440.0ft; 438.9m) off Eleuthera in the Bahamas. Within the Office of Chief of Naval Operations the Director ASW Programs OP-95 was established in 1964. This research and development effort was given the name Project Jezebel. The United States has had a military presence in Iceland since 1941, and a formal defense agreement with that nation since 1951.The Navy assumed the responsibility of running the air station from the U.S. Air Force in 1961.The base acted as a platform for several operational capabilities throughout World War II, the Cold War and in the modern arena. homes for sale by owner in vinton county, ohio; matthew reed obituary; cjfl eligibility rules; alabama symphony orchestra appalachian spring; how to auto sync photos to sound on tiktok US Naval Facility Keflavik, Iceland, the oldest operating site in the Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS), closed after 30 years of service on Dec. 30, 1996. . *After 1 July 1961, the USAF MAJCOMs operated in a tenant status only. [citation needed], 635713.4N 224223.5W / 63.953722N 22.706528W / 63.953722; -22.706528, The 1965 decision to deploy the Sound Surveillance System to the Norwegian Sea was followed by establishment of Naval Facility Keflavik in which output of the array at sea was processed and displayed by means of the Low Frequency Analyzer and Recorder (LOFAR). Picture 1 of 18. [1] The first detection of a Soviet nuclear submarine occurred on 6 July 1962 when NAVFAC Barbados recognized and reported contact #27103, a Soviet nuclear submarine west of Norway coming into the Atlantic through the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap.[1][3]. For those of us that braved the Icelandic Domain in the land of fire and ice. Also in 1968, SOSUS played a key role in locating the wreckage of the US nuclear attack submarine USSScorpion, lost near the Azores in May. Mark S. Laughton, the air stations final commanding officer. In 1966 the project came under Naval Electronics Systems Command (NAVELEX PME-124) where it remained through the name change in 1986 to Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWARSYSCOM PMW 180)[note 12] and a move from Arlington to San Diego in 1997. For many, the hardest part is saying goodbye to host nation counterparts that have helped build the bases strong legacy. When that submarine put into Adak for a medical emergency the detection events were matched to the submarine's logs ending the disbelief the "Soviet" contact was actually a U.S. If you worked at or supported the Naval Facility on NAS Keflavik, you are more than welcome to join. Patterson Field in the south-east opened in 1942 despite being partly incomplete. The upgrade would allow the hangar to house patrol planes hunting for Russian submarines in the North Atlantic. Location NAS Keflavik, Iceland was located on the Reykjanes peninsula on the south-west portion of the island. And the cooperation has been simply outstanding. NAS Keflavik features prominently in Tom Clancy's 1986 techno-thriller novel Red Storm Rising. Relive & share the memories of your service time with your brothers & sisters in arms today. In 1994 the Atlantic and Pacific commands were merged into Commander Undersea Surveillance at Dam Neck, Virginia. [1] The system could provide cuing information on the presence of the submarines and an approximate location for air or surface antisubmarine warfare assets to localize the target. A Proposed Sonar Listening System for Long-Range Submarine Detection, "The Evolution Of The Sonobuoy From World War II To The Cold War", "Memoir of the Long Range Acoustic Propagation Program", "he American Sound Surveillance System: Using the Ocean to Hunt Soviet Submarines, 1950-1961", "The Ocean Environment and the Third Dimension of Naval Warfare", "Recollections On the Successful Implementation of the Portion of Brick Bat 03 - Titled Project Caesar II - Pacific (Part 2 of 2)", "Catalog of Audiovisual Productions Navy and Marine Corps", The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy's Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines, "Evolution of SOSUS/IUSS Signal Processing (Part 2 of 2)", "Evolution of SOSUS/IUSS Signal Processing (Part 1 of 2)", "The Navy, Science, and Professional History", "Naval Facility Lewes, August 1955 - September 1981", Bearing Stake Exercise: Sound Speed and Other Environmental Variability, "Naval Facility San Salvador, December 1954 - January 1970", "Naval Facility Brawdy April 1974 - October 1995", "Faulty Intelligence Nearly "Sank" SOSUS During the Cuban Missile Crisis", "The SOSUS System A Personal Perspective of the Early Years", "Spy Case is Called Threat to Finding Soviet Submarines", "SOund SUrveillance System (SOSUS): General Information", "A Lone Voice Crying in the Watery Wilderness", The Terminal Equipment Building of the Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), "SOSUS: The 'Secret Weapon' of Undersea Surveillance", A Letter from Joe Worzel to LamontDoherty Earth Observatory regarding the establishment of Palisades Geophysical Institute, its work, and support of the education and research community, 19471948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, United States involvement in regime change, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOSUS&oldid=1141062509, Military sonar equipment of the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 04:31.
Leroux Flavored Brandy, Hussain Chaudhry Funeral, Colonel Tom Parker Cause Of Death, Articles N