Fan page dedicated to the career of Betty Ting Pei. Undisclosed. Her father and grandfather were physicians, and her mother was descended from warlords. Although Ting had acted in dramas, comedies, musicals, and martial arts films, she is better known in Asia for her mistress roles and her many steamy bedroom scenes. I'm horribly addicted to talent and Bruce was a kinetic genius'. In her next movie, The Reivers, she co-starred with Steve McQueen and she immediately hooked up with him. Perhaps the worst moment comes when the movie uses footage from Lee's actual funeral, even showing the actor's corpse. We have estimated He immediately overheated and got dizzy. Lee was super famous in Hong Kong at the time of his death, and here's the thing about famous people: Reporters look into them deeply when they die young. Bruce was leaving the company. Bruce Lee's family is still rich. She gave up . According to Sharon, who I interviewed, they hooked up and had quite a passionate romance, siad Polly. Film director and Tates widower Roman Polanski, a kung fu student of Lees, suspected the martial arts expert was the mastermind behind the horrifying murders that also took the life of their unborn child. is 5'3"(1.6m) . However, a British forensic expert confirmed that Bruce had indeed died from an allergic reaction to the aspirin. Browse 15 betty ting pei stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Bruce had used his knowledge of Hollywood production and his kung fu technique to make his already impressive skills look amazing on screen. Oct 22, 2013. "He was frightened and worried and apparently took extra precautions for a while Some even thought he was paranoid. One of the people he met early on in his martial arts journey was Betty Ting Pei. Unfortunately, Lee only filmed 40 minutes of footage before passing away, so to complete the film, a Bruce Lee double was hired to play the main character. Amazon.com: Bruce Lee and I : Betty Ting Pei, Un Known: Movies & TV Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a28e74c89a39ae9 A registered nurse unshackles Bruce Lee's demise Betty Ting Pei was signed to Shaw Brothers Studio in 1967 and remained part of the Golden Harvest arch rival's acting stable for the next six years. The one drug he really enjoyed was marijuana, said Polly. According to the book, Bruce's younger brother Robert Lee said: 'As a bachelor, Bruce liked to have affairs with beautiful, flashy girls, but he married a quiet, sensitive girl who knew how to listen and would let him have his way'. This is still happening as in the case of . Charles Heung (1976 - 1980)( divorced)( 1 child). On his day of death, after meeting his friends Bruce Lee returned to his mistress Ting Pei. This was Lee's big Hollywood moment, and he was going to make good with a little film called Enter the Dragon. I have plenty of girls'. Well, everything turned into either a scandal or a conspiracy theory following the dragon's demise. . Before him, I wasn't serious with relationships, and I knew nothing about love," she said. Discover amazing horror stories, conspiracy theories, Murder Mysteries, Alien Life, Unsolved Mysteries, latest breakthrough Science news, and much more on Bugged Space ! How Did Bruce Lee Die? The Sad Truth Behind The Death Of A Legend The controversy and many rumors surrounding Lee's mysterious death in her apartment in 1973 seriously damaged her own career. It was heaven's will and no one wanted it to happen. Betty Ting Pei - IMDb Bruce would be the star but the most contentious role to cast was Mei Ling, the undercover agent who helps Bruce to infiltrate the island owned by Han, the villain. Net Worth 2020. According to the book, Bruce Lee: A Life, Lee had claimed that she wasn't his only affair. Betty Ting Biography, Life, Interesting Facts - Famous Birthdays By His first feature film was the 1986 Hong Kong flick Legacy of Rage, and in 1991, he teamed up with Dolph Lundgren for his first American movie, Showdown in Little Tokyo. And when the film hit theaters in August 1973, it became a box office smash, nabbing $20 million and earning the top spot internationally. Feedback time. As Bruce told an interviewer in 1966: 'Linda is more Oriental than some of the Chinese I know. "I have overcome all these hardships and this should be a lesson for many people life is something amazing yet mysterious. Thats where things took a tragic turn, Lee started feeling dizzy and his head began hurting. As a kid growing up in Hong Kong, Lee was a prolific child actor, playing in around 20 films. 2013-10-22 -. And the entire ride, Roman is thinking Maybe its Bruce Lee. They get to the store and Bruce gives his prescription Roman breathes a few sighs of relief because it wasnt the same as what the police found They remained good friends.. Well, after an autopsy at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, doctors discovered that Lee's brain had swollen nearly 13%. He just turned me inside out. Although not a well-known actress, she became very famous for her year-long extramarital affair with Bruce Lee, who passed away in her apartment on July 20, 1973. Former Hong Kong Police Detective, Philip Chan) Ting called an ambulance. Obviously, the movie that made him big was The Crow, but tragically, Brandon died on set before the film was completed, passing away right before he was about to become famous, just like his father. Live fast and we mean FAST die young, and leave a corpse so cut that it'll leave people feeling self-conscious for decades after your demise. His affair turned into a scandal after his death. But would you wait for me? His father Lee Hoi-chuen was a Cantonese opera singer and actor and his mother Grace Ho was a socialite in Hong Kong, where they raised him. Failing to connect Chow, then, called Ting's personal doctor who arrived 20 minutes later. Bruce Lee had finally hit the big time, but tragically, he wasn't around to enjoy his newfound fame. - He got over it and became so committed to his new life in America that he even got circumcised while on a trip home to Hong Kong. After all, how could someone so physically perfect (those lats are amazing) just suddenly die in his sleep? But now I know." The Last Days of Bruce Lee - The Ringer Betty Tine Pei. sexo o gnero. Bruce Lee Revealed as a Philandering Playboy Who Wanted to - Celebrity Betty Ting Pei (, chino mandarn) (Pekn, China, 19 de febrero de 1947) es una actriz china nacionalizada taiwanesa de segundo orden perteneciente a la filmogrfica Shaw Brothers Co., cuya fama est vinculada a su relacin con el artista marcial Bruce Lee, la muerte de este en 1973 y las teoras de conspiracin en torno a ese . 1.93K subscribers Betty Ting Pei interviewed on Hong Kong television and answers questions on Bruce Lee. Betty Ting Pei was born in Beijing, China to a prominent and politically influential family. (David Tadman). You've successfully subscribed to this newsletter! He would go out on dates with her in town where other people could see them I think her whole life was marked by Bruces death. Each bad guy would be the master of a particular martial art style, and Lee would have to display different tenets of Jeet Kune Do (his philosophy of flexibility and adaptability) to defeat his foes. Her net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. So, conspiracy theories started popping up surrounding the martial artist and actor's death, including claiming that Betty Ting Pei was the person responsible for Lee's death. All the while, Lee was a married man. Betty Ting Pei Death Fact Check Betty is alive and kicking and is currently 75 years old. Kakeknya adalah kepala Departemen Kepolisian Peking. 'It's just a fling. Bruce Lee died one month before his big break in Hollywood was set to release. People give up life too easily these days. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. First Name: Mei Li Family Name: Tang Native name: Also Known as: Ting Pei, Tang Mei-Li, Ding Pooi, Betty Ting, Tong Mei Li Nationality: Taiwanese Gender: Female Born: February 19, 1947 Age: 75 Learn How rich is She in this year and how She spends money? Her father and grandfather were physicians, and her mother was descended from warlords. Well, Lee was busy with his upcoming film, Game of Death, and he was meeting with George Lazenby, hoping to get the James Bond actor on board. De acuerdo a Newsweek, La muerte de Lee fue causada por un edema cerebral, una inflamacin del cerebro causada por un exceso de lquido. Bruce Lee's death sent shockwaves around the world, but what exactly caused Lee to give up the ghost? Betty Ting Pei (Traditional Chinese: , born February 19, mid to late 1940s) was a Taiwan ese actress who joined Shaw Brothers in 1967. Betty Ting Pei Biography, Age, Height, Husband, Net Worth, Family And we're not even counting all the times the movie cuts to scenes stolen from other Bruce Lee films. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. On the morning of July 20, 1973, Bruce Lee a healthy 32-year-old man woke up and got busy with his upcoming film, Game Of Death. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. Keep scrolling to get the real details. Betty Ting Pei Dead or Alive? Betty Ting Pei was born on February 19th, in 1947. Betty Ting Pei was a Chinese actress and martial artist. According to the official report, Lee had died of "congestions and edema of the brain," the same exact thing that hospitalized Lee in May 1973. Ting's uncle was Zhang Xueliang and her maternal grandfather was Bao Yulin, the chief police officer of the Beiping Police Bureau during the Warlord era. According to press reports, Lee was going over the script of Game of Death in Ting's apartment, a film in which she was reported to have a lead role, when he complained of a headache. Bruce Lee did not die while we were making love: Alleged lover Instead, his wife and daughter have been growing it. From boxing Bruce took the footwork, from kung fu its kicks and from fencing the movement. Ting and Lee quickly became friends and they would later go on dates. Betty married a triad, and Raymind was mafia. The Godfather and Popeye make appearances, Dracula shows up with a gang of mummies, and "Clint Eastwood" kicks fake Bruce Lee in the face. He said: 'All that matters to me is you and the children. Betty Ting Pei is an Actor, zodiac sign: Pisces. She is from China. But his most well known mistress was Betty Ting Pei, claims Polly, an actress who met him on the set of Way of the Dragon. importado del proyecto Wikimedia. Now, Lee's official cause of death was an allergic reaction resulting from a painkiller that Ting Pei had given him, but there's not much of a chance she knew the pill would kill him. (Michael Ochs Archive/Getty Images), At the time there were dozens and dozens of rumors that he was poisoned, that ninjas got to him, that someone put a death touch on him, said Polly. It was interesting to talk to this woman who was still in love with someone who died so long ago. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. All the while, Lee was a married man. She felt he was suffocating her - always wanting to know where she was going and with whom,' the book states. Betty Ting Pei Project added a - Betty Ting Pei Project And Roman, who was grief-stricken, thought he could find the person who did it He and Bruce were training after the murders. (Bettmann/Getty Images). This is the worlds only, authorized fan page for Betty Ting Pei. But Linda grew enraged as Bruce said: 'Men are like that.'. The book concludes that Bruce probably died from heat stroke, or hyperthermia, because he had a previous such episode and it was 90 degrees with 84 per cent humidity on the day he died. When Bruce Lee started breaking Asian box office records, that's when Warner Bros. gave the man a call. Fortunately, the 40 minutes Lee shot are still out there, and at the very least, the film gave us the iconic image of the Little Dragon trading punches with NBA giant Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. It balanced him out.. It was his job to look good on screen.
"I sleep well every night. The book says that Bruce also had a 'fling' with his co-star on Way of the Dragon, Nora Miao, though she has never confirmed or denied it. Enter the Dragon, which cost $850,000 to make, raked in $90 million and would go on to make $350 million over the next 45 years. Despite acting in more than 30 movies, she is remembered today primarily because of the "mysterious" death of Bruce Lee in her apartment. Nation. Any story they can find is worth its weight in gold. Ting Pei's film career is rarely remembered when the former actress's name comes up. It was Pei who reportedly offered Lee Equagesic after he complained of a growing. In 2004, Enter the Dragon was inducted into the Unites States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for it's cultural, historical, or aesthetical significance. Lee's first film as the main character was The Big Boss, which became the highest-grossing movie in Hong Kong history. Bruce Lees son Brandon Burce Lee died weeks before the release of his movie at the age of 28. Actress Ting Pei 'never' planned to wed Bruce Lee - PressReader This is the worlds only, authorized fan page for Betty Ting Pei. A small decision with consequences which no one could have anticipated and which ended his life. Rcupr le 13 Juin, 2013. "Before him, I wasn't serious with relationships, and I knew nothing about love.". Betty Ting ( simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dng Pi; born Tang Mei-li ( simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Tng Mil ); 19 February 1947) is a Taiwanese former actress who was mainly active in the 1970s. I would never plan or decide to have a mistress or anything of that nature,' Bruce told her, but his arrangement with Betty seemed at odds with this. On the 30th anniversary of Bruce Lee's death in 2003, Ting made an announcement at a press conference of her plans to write her autobiography. instancia de. Steve McQueen pays respect to Bruce Lee's casket. Starring Bruce Lee in all his jump-suited glory, the movie would've followed the head-kicking hero as he battled his way up a pagoda, searching for a valuable treasure and fighting a new boss at every level. She was known for playing in musicals like The Yellow Muffler and The Millionaire Chase, as well as wuxia films like The 14 Amazons and sexy comedies like Apartment for Ladies. With his bulging biceps and incredible abs, Bruce Lee was what you might call a "physical specimen." He was found on the bed, which led to tabloid rumours of a sex and drug-filled orgy but Ting Pei denied being his mistress, saying Lee died after an allergic reaction to a painkiller she had given him for a headache. He met his wife, Linda Lee Cadwell, while they were both studying at the University of Washington. What You Didn't Know About Bruce Lee's Affair. And it was actually Steve McQueen who turned him on to pot. The couple took a break from their activities when Game of Death co-producer Raymond Chow came over, at which point Lee started working vigorously on scenes from the film. He experimented with his diet and downed raw hamburger meat smoothies for their protein. They got him to the hospital and the doctors suspected his brain was swelling And so the first collapse looked exactly like a case of heat stroke.. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (Reuters), "For a moment, Romans heart seized. Although she acted in more than 30 films, she is best known for being the center of international speculation regarding the untimely death of Bruce Lee in her apartment. He was 32 years old. Bruce quite enjoyed it. Bruce Lee shuffled off this mortal coil on July 20, 1973. Betty Ting Pei. Her feelings for him are still just as intense.. The more mystical conspiracy theorists even say there's a family curse that took the life of both Bruce and his son, Brandon Lee. Betty Ting Pei's age 71 years. Bruce Lee in "The Orphan." Bruce and Betty Ting Pei on the Hong Kong Coliseum studio set for "Way of the Dragon," June 1972. Born Linda Emery in Seattle, she grew up in a Baptist family who disapproved of mixed marriages and wed Bruce over the objections of her mother and father, though they later came around. The plot was also completely changed, with the hero becoming a movie star whose girlfriend is kidnapped by the mob. Bruce once supposedly kicked a door off its hinges to impress Frank Sinatra, a story that may not have been true but spread throughout Hollywood, making Bruce even more in demand as a martial arts coach and film consultant. Despite his reputation for being vain and arrogant, women were drawn to him because of his chiseled abs and for what one blonde West German glamour girl called his 'indescribable magnetism.'. But it wasn't hard to see why the star was such a ladies' man; Lee had the body of an 18-year-old when he was 32 thanks to his constant training and raw hamburger beef smoothies he drank for their protein. ASIN : B005UPRHGU. I fear not the man who practiced 10,000 kicks once, but I fear the man who has practiced one kick 10,000 times. Steve McQueen and Sharon Farrell in "The Reivers," October 1968. Betty Ting Pei Net Worth (Actor) July 30, 2014 (Feature image from AFP) One fateful night in 1973, Hong Kong American martial artist and action film actor Bruce Lee had complained about a headache before he went to "lie down for a nap" at Taiwanese actress Betty Ting Pei's home. Betty Ting Pei: to live today is Bruce Lee's psychological support of me Betty Ting Pei since the explosion, still alive today is Bruce Lee's spirit behind her. Aunque el cerebro de Lee se haba hinchado casi un 13 por ciento, el forense no encontr evidencia de lesin externa, pero haba . But it wasnt just the circumstances of Lees death that added to his mystique over the years. Farrell, who was enamored with Lees incredible physique, which he maintained with constant training and raw beef protein shakes, also revealed he turned me inside out and was also the love of her life. Declaraciones. The new book,. (Bernd Lubowski/ullstein bild/Getty Images). About: Betty Ting - dbpedia.org In 1975, Linda Lee Cadwell published a book about her husband, and in 2002, she and her daughter, Shannon, co-founded the Bruce Lee Foundation. They quickly found out he was married and had a young child and told Brandt. It was the perfect fusion of East and West and the Washington Post said that he had a 'Cagney-esque cockiness and early Steve McQueen nonchalance'. Betty Ting (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dng Pi; born Tang Mei-li (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Tng Mil); 19 February 1947) is a Taiwanese former actress who was mainly active in the 1970s. But Bruce was very dedicated to his wife and didnt want to leave her. Lee Jun-fan, professionally known as Bruce Lee seemed unstoppable with his amazing build and an unbelievable speed but despite all that he was suffering from major health issues. After some lines Lee began to shake and started vomiting, he fainted and was taken to the hospital immediately. Betty Ting Pei - Wikidata It also earned him an invitation from Warner Bros to make Enter the Dragon, the first Western kung fu movie. Unfortunately, when she finally went to wake him up, the Dragon was unresponsive. (Photo by POST STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER/South China Morning Post via Getty Images) He too tried to wake him, but it was no use. Martial arts fans and moviegoers around the world were both heartbroken and baffled by the news, and to this day, there's still an air of mystery surrounding Lee's death. 'Those abs - his muscles were so defined, it was as if they were chiseled. Betty Ting Pei was an asian actor whom Lee was with at the time of his death, and he had been known to spend time with her, in an affair. He would later give the part to somebody else sparking a row between the two and ultimately, their break up. His antics eventually put him on a police list of delinquents, according to the book. Bruce Lee had a heat stroke while re-dubbing Enter the Dragon. She is a member of famous Actress with the age 75 years old group. After the autopsy report doctors discovered that Lees brain had been swollen by nearly 13%. Admittedly, the idea is a bit out there, but hey, it's more reasonable than putting the blame on a "death touch" or family curse. I'm American, I want to look the part'. Although Lee's brain had swelled nearly 13 percent, the coroner found no evidence of external injury," but there were signs that the action star's health was faltering. One of the truly bizarre Bruceploitation flicks was The Clones of Bruce Lee, where an evil scientist forces three Lee clones to fight to the death. How did Bruce Lee die? New book suggests alternate theory on Bruce Lee Before Bruce became a film star in his own right he taught kung fu to celebrities in Los Angeles and counted actors James Coburn and Steve McQueen among his clients. Answer (1 of 3): Raymond Chow murdered Bruce Lee and she took part in it. Bruce Lee's son, Brandon, was more than a little reluctant to take up his father's mantle. Ting's ancestral home is based in Beijing. He had a near miss in May 1973 after collapsing and going into spasms following an editing session in a sweltering dubbing room with no air conditioning. It's all in a day's work for Bruce Lee, and when he's not teaching us about the emotional content of kicks or how boards don't hit back, he's showing off his one-punch knockout power and incredibly impressive nunchaku skills. Answer (1 of 12): The answer is according to stories, yes he was. ", "Betty Ting Pei: the last person to see Bruce Lee alive", "Lover still so glad Bruce Lee came into her life", "Betty Ting 'kiss-and-tell' book on romance with Bruce Lee to be released on death anniversary | Coconuts Hong Kong", Chinese Gung Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self-Defense, Long Beach International Karate Championships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betty_Ting&oldid=1126349928, CS1 Chinese (Taiwan)-language sources (zh-tw), Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, being the center of international speculation regarding the untimely death of, This page was last edited on 8 December 2022, at 22:00. Discover Betty Ting Pei's Biography, Age, Height, Physical Stats, Dating/Affairs, Family and career updates. The Green Hornet was Bruce's big break and he leveraged it to start teaching celebrity clients like McQueen, who returned the favor by introducing Bruce to marijuana which became a lifelong habit. He was just so knowledgeable about a woman's body'. She is quiet, calm and doesn't yak-yak-yak all the time'. Bruce Lee's relationship with Betty Ting gets published - Yahoo! Unfortunately, Lee wasn't going to be alive much longer. So I think in a way it was self-medication. Betty Ting Pei - Celeb Net Worth Info With on-screen backup from uber-cool Jim Kelly and a groovy score from Lalo Schifrin (the same guy who wrote the Mission: Impossible theme song), Lee crafted a kung fu flick that still is one of the best action movies ever made. He was a show-off and always wanted to flaunt his body'. Even though doctors and paramedics rushed to the scene as soon a possible, the Dragon was dead. When Warner Bros put Enter the Dragon into production, it was everything Bruce had dreamed for: his own project, with an American film company, with him in complete control. Here's the thing, for Ting Pei being Lee's secret lover, she wasn't really that much of a secret. But without a doubt, the weirdest Bruceploitation flick was The Dragon Lives Again, where a recently deceased Bruce Lee wakes up in the afterlife and fights pop culture characters like James Bond and the priest from The Exorcist. Birthday February 19 and Born on 1947. The allegations and gossip centre on the fact that Lee's body was found in the flat of his rumoured girlfriend, Betty Ting Pei - a Taiwanese actress working for the Shaw Brothers' film studio. Betty Ting Pei on the death of Bruce Lee - YouTube Farrell said: 'He was the first man I had ever been with who had such a beautiful body. Polly interviewed over 100 people associated with Lee, including friends, family, colleagues, as well as his widow Linda Lee Cadwell and their daughter Shannon Lee. Ting's comes from a medical family of the three generations. (Bernd Lubowski/ullstein bild/Getty Images). Bruce was the most incredible lover I've ever been with. He didnt think they looked good on screen, said Polly. And in Exit the Dragon, Enter the Tiger, we learn the "real Bruce Lee" was a reluctant drug mule for the Triads and eventually murdered, so now, a successor named Bruce Li wants revenge against the gangsters. HONG KONG: Taiwanese actress Betty Ting Pei has disclosed that she had never planned to become Bruce Lee's wife. This is a kind of a far stretched theory, that other martial artists were not happy with Burce Lee when he started teaching martial arts and some of their secret moves which were prohibited, so in avid to this they killed him. The affair was very much on Bruce's terms and he would say: 'I'm coming over' and 'drag me into the bedroom', said Farrell, who eventually ended their fling to be with McQueen. Despite this, there are still people who believe he was killed by the "Chinese Mafia", or by his mistress Betty Ting Pei. Bruce Lee: The Mystery Surrounding the Martial Artist's Death - Biography But despite the wild speculation, Lee wasn't murdered by a mob boss or poisoned by his lover. Today. The interviewers are Ivan Ho Sau Sun, Liu Wai Hung, Tam Ping Man and Natalis Chan.. And after Teare finished his investigation, he concluded that Lee had an allergic reaction to the Equagesic pill that Betty Ting Pei had given him to help with his headache. After talking with Lazenby, Lee did some hash with a buddy, and then drove to Betty Ting Pei's apartment for, uh, non-business purposes. 19700914.jpg 1334 2100; 245 kB. [But] that would have made it harder for him to dissipate heat.. "I hope people can understand that this was an unfortunate incident that was not because of anyone. Ting is credited with over 50 films. She doesn't mean anything to me. Married Charles Heung Wah-Keung () in 1976. According to Newsweek, "Lee's death was caused by a cerebral edema, a swelling of the brain caused by excess fluid. He used an electrical muscle stimulator machine but he went over the top, cranking it up so high it would curl his hair. Actors : Betty Ting Pei. Currently, Betty Ting Pei is 75 years, 2 months and 21 days old. toby sutton wife of frank sutton is betty ting pei still alive Is it true that Bruce Lee had an affair? : r/brucelee In reality, Lee's rumored mistress Betty Ting Pei claims that on July 20, 1973, Bruce lay down on her couch to take a nap after she gave him a prescription analgesic (painkiller) for a headache. I'll get rid of her. Unfortunately, Lee passed away in July 1973 at age 32, before he was able to truly see the cultural shift he created within the film industry. In fact, a lot of people pointed the finger at Betty Ting Pei, claiming she was responsible for Lee's death and that perhaps she'd even poisoned him. Bruce Lees death is still a mystery to us but He was a legend and one of the greatest martial art icons in the world who inspired people to fight. [7], In 2013, forty years after Lee's death, although Ting admitted that she had an intimate relationship with Lee, she said that she did not engage in any sexual activity with him on the day that he died. These days, she's mostly remembered for the scandalous affair.
Tropico 6 How To Bribe Superpowers,
Chefwave Milkmade Recipes,
Blue Ridge Jail Mugshots,
Prince Harry's Sister Rosie,
Amsterdam Car Accident Today,
Articles I