One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. Confusion. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. . Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University How the brain's internal states affect decision-making Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following Weakness and fatigue. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). c. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Homeostasis: How the Body Strives for Balance - Verywell Mind Complications. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). It is typically consumed in pill form. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way.
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